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Table 2 Frequencies of positive antibodies (anti-GAD, anti-TPO, anti-Tg), thyroid diseases, thyroid treatment and Levothyroxine supplementation

From: Thyroid disease in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study

 

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Total

Statistical significance

Anti – GAD

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (3.0%)

1 (2.3%)

ns

Anti – TPO

2 (10.0%)

3 (50.0%)

24 (24.5%)

29 (23.4%)

ns

Anti – Tg

2 (10.0%)

2 (33.3%)

18 (18.6%)

22 (17.9%)

ns

Hypothyroidism

13 (28.3%)

4 (44.4%)

54 (40.6%)

71 (37.8%)

ns

Hyperthyroidism

8 (17.4%)

3 (33.3%)

55 (41.4%)

66 (35.1%)

p < 0.05

AITD

13 (28.3%)

4 (44.4%)

28 (21.1%)

45 (23.9%)

ns

Goitre

28 (60.9%)

1 (11.1%)

51 (38.3%)

80 (42.6%)

p < 0.01

With AITD

5 (10.9%)

0 (0.0%)

6 (4.5%)

11 (5.9%)

ns

Without AITD

23 (50.0%)

1 (11.1%)

45 (33.8%)

69 (36.7%)

p < 0.05

AFT

2 (4.4%)

0 (0.0%)

8 (6.1%)

10 (5.3%)

ns

Carcinoma

0 (0.0%)

1 (11.1%)

3 (2.3%)

4 (2.1%)

ns

Thyroid treatment

45 (97.8%)

6 (66.7%)

90 (67.7%)

141 (75.0%)

p < 0.001

Levothyroxine

41 (89.1%)

5 (55.6%)

69 (51.9%)

115 (61.2%)

p < 0.001

  1. Group definition: Thyroid disease diagnosed prior to (group 1), within the same year (group 2) or after (group 3) diabetes onset.
  2. Thyroid treatment: Including partial and complete thyroidectomy, radioiodine and oral medication.
  3. anti-GAD: autoantibodies against glutamate decarboxylase; anti-TPO: autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase; anti-Tg: autoantibodies against thyroglobulin; AITD: autoimmune thyroid disease; AFT: autonomously functioning thyroid.