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Table 1 characteristics and summary of findings in the included studies

From: Is Hashimoto thyroiditis associated with increasing risk of thyroid malignancies? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Study design

Setting

Study method

Sample size

Mean age ± SD

Female: Male

Thyroid cancer type

Rate of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (in percent)

Thyroid cancer

Control group

Alcântara-Jones 2015 [12]

Retrospective

Brazil

Thyroidectomy

49

48.5

30:3

Papillary

27.27

(9/33)

31.25

(5/16)

Zeng 2016 [13]

Retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

619

45.9

484:135

Papillary

35.86 (222/619)

 

Campos 2012 [1]

Retrospective

Brazil

Thyroidectomy

315

44.9

34:7

Papillary

26.83 (11/41)

1.12

(3/268)

Ye 2013 [14]

Retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

2052

–

828:176

Papillary

18.63 (187/1004)

6.42 (66/1028)

Cipolla 2005 [15]

Retrospective

Italy

Thyroidectomy

178

–

68:21

Papillary

26.76

(19/71)

 

Kim 2011 [16]

Retrospective

Korea

Thyroidectomy

1329

47.5

821:207

Papillary

29.86

(307/1028)

9.64 (24/249)

      

32:20

Follicular

9.62

(5/52)

 

Ahn 2011 [17]

Retrospective

Korea

Thyroidectomy

303

42.8

225:44

Papillary

21.56

(58/269)

 

Huang 2011 [18]

Retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

1997

39.9

1450:338

Papillary

4.75

(85/1788)

 
      

153:56

Follicular

3.83

(8/209)

 

Lun 2013 [19]

Retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

2478

41.3

538:138

Papillary

18.79

(127/676)

7.16

(129/1802)

Moshynska 2008 [20]

Retrospective

Canada

Thyroidectomy

20

–

–

Lymphoma

60

(12/20)

 

Singh 1999 [21]

Retrospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

453

41

267:121

Papillary

14.69

(57/388)

 
      

–

Follicular

2.08

(1/48)

 
      

–

Lymphoma

5.88

(1/17)

 

Zhang 2014 [22]

Retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

8524

43.1

–

Papillary

28.46

(592/2080)

 

Nemetz 2011 [23]

Retrospective

Brazil

Thyroidectomy

52

51.3

48:4

Papillary

32.69

(17/52)

 

Jeong 2012 [24]

Retrospective

Korea

Thyroidectomy

1357

44.5

1176:181

Papillary

26.46

(359/1357)

 

Kashima 1998 [25]

Retrospective

Japan

Thyroidectomy

1533

42.6

1402:131

Papillary

18.33

(281/1533)

 

Kebebew 2001 [26]

Retrospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

136

45.5

95:41

Papillary

30.15

(41/136)

 

Yoon 2012 [27]

Retrospective

Korea

Thyroidectomy

195

45.9

166:29

Papillary

28.72

(56/195)

 

Graceffa 2019 [28]

Retrospective

Italy

Thyroidectomy

305

50.6

258:47

Papillary

28.6

(36/126)

7.7

(11/142)

Selek 2016 [29]

Retrospective

Turkey

Thyroidectomy

870

47 ± 12

 

Papillary

30

(172/ 577)

31

(90/ 293)

Topaloglu 2016 [30]

Retrospective

Turkey

Thyroidectomy

427

Malignant:

49.10 ± 12.23

Benign:

47.78 ± 12.39

341:86

Papillary

38.4

(73/190)

29.5

(70/237)

Zeng 2018 [31]

Retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

258

17.31 ± 3.21

212:46

Papillary

17.8

(23/129)

1.6

(2/129)

Osorio 2019 [7]

Retrospective

Colombia

Thyroidectomy

1136

47.5 ± 14.3

1047: 89

Papillary

24

(44/183)

13.11

(125/953)

Youssef Mohamed 2020 [32]

Retrospective

Egypt

Thyroidectomy

80

–

22: 58

Papillary

20

16/80

 

JNawarathna 2018 [33]

Retrospective

Sri Lanka

Thyroidectomy

684

48 ± 12.5

611: 73

Papillary

OR: 0.867 (0.25-2.99)

       

Follicular

OR: 1.02 (0.22-4.58)

 

Rate of thyroid cancer (in percent)

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Control group

Repplinger 2008 [34]

Retrospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

1198

 

215:77

Papillary

29.03

(63/217)

23.34

(229/981)

Paparodis 2014 [35]

Retrospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

2718

  

Papillary

42.68

(242/567)

26.27

(565/2151)

       

Follicular

1.76

(10/567)

2.14

(46/2151)

Anil 2010 [36]

Prospective

Turkey

FNA

715

  

Papillary

1.22

(2/164)

3.45

(19/551)

Konturek 2013 [37]

Retrospective

Poland

Thyroidectomy

7545

53.5

 

Papillary

23.45

(106/452)

7.47

(530/7093)

Mukasa 2011 [38]

Retrospective

Japan

FNA

2036

  

Papillary

1.77

(36/2036)

 
       

Lymphoma

0.10

(2/2036)

 

Matesa-Anic 2009 [39]

Retrospective

Croatia

FNA

10,508

50

236:33

Papillary

1.95

(42/2156)

2.72

(227/8352)

Dailey 1955 [5]

Prospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

2336

37.5

 

Papillary

10.43

(29/278)

 

Larson 2007 [40]

Retrospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

812

41

142:37

Papillary

34.7

(34/98)

20.4

(145/710)

      

16:5

Follicular

9.2

(9/98)

1.69

(12/710)

      

3:0

Anaplastic

1.02

(1/98)

0.28

(2/710)

Zayed 2015 [41]

Retrospective

Jordan

Thyroidectomy

180

51.3

9:6

Medullary

3.85

(3/78)

1.53

(12/785)

      

102:35

Papillary

10.26

(8/78)

16.43

(129/785)

      

18:9

Follicular

0

(0/78)

3.44

(27/785)

Gul 2010 [42]

Retrospective

Turkey

Thyroidectomy

613

43

 

Papillary

43.48 (40/92)

25.14 (131/521)

       

Follicular

1.09

(1/92)

1.92

(10/521)

       

Medullary

0

(0/92)

0.96

(5/521)

       

Lymphoma

1.09

(1/92)

0

(0/521)

Mazokopakis 2010 [43]

Retrospective

Greece

Thyroidectomy

140

49.3

25:7

Papillary

28.57

(12/42)

20.41

(20/98)

Sclafani 1993 [44]

Retrospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

48

51.7

 

Papillary

12.5

(6/48)

 

Peterson 1957 [45]

Retrospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

757

  

Papillary

2.60

(2/77)

2.06

(14/680)

Zhang 2014 [46]

Retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

647

43.3

 

Papillary

37.96

(41/108)

17.25

(93/539)

       

Follicular

0

(0/108)

0.37

(2/539)

       

Medullary

1.85

(2/108)

0.37

(2/539)

       

Anaplastic

0

(0/108)

0.56

(3/539)

       

Lymphoma

0.93

(1/108)

0

(0/539)

Holm 1985 [47]

Prospective

Sweden

FNA

1656

  

Papillary

0.12

(1/829)

0.12

(1/829)

       

Follicular

0.12

(1/829)

0.12

(1/829)

       

Lymphoma

0.48

(4/829)

0

(0/829)

Moris 2019 [48]

prospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

9851

52.2 ± 15

8263:

1588

Undefined

22.8

(606/2651)

15.4

(1105/7200)

   

FNA

   

Undefined

7.3

(284/3895)

4.7

(473/10168)

Jackson 2020 [49]

retrospective

United States

Thyroidectomy

359

  

Incidental thyroid cancer

15

(8/52)

10

(31/307)

       

Thyroid cancer

37 (19/52)

37 (114/307)

Keskin 2016 [50]

prospective

Turkey

FNA and Thyroidectomy

300

12.1 ± 3.1

238: 62

Papillary

0.66

(2/300)

 

Liu2017 [51]

retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

927

46 ± 0

706:

221

Papillary

  

Radetti 2019 [52]

prospective

Italy

FNA

904

10.6 ± 3.2

709:

195

Papillary

1.1

(10/904)

 

Won2018 [53]

retrospective

Korea

FNA

89

11.1 ±

3.7

76: 13

Papillary

7.9

(7/89)

 

Boi 2017 [54]

retrospective

Italy

FNA

645

   

28.9

(44/152)

7.4

(12/161)

   

Thyroidectomy

   

Papillary

64.3

(45/70)

35.1

(13/37)

   

Thyroidectomy

   

Follicular

4.3

(3/70)

5.4

(2/37)

   

Thyroidectomy

   

Medullary

2.8 (2/70)

2.7

(1/37)

Gabalec 2016 [55]

retrospective

Czech republic

Thyroidectomy

4947

  

Undefined

29.5

(26/88)

15.2

(231/1515)

   

FNA

    

14.2

(85/592)

15.2

(662/4348)

Büyükaşi 2011 [56]

retrospective

Turkey

Thyroidectomy

917

adult

743:174

All Cancer Types

19.4

(15/77)

9.8

(82/840)

       

Papillary

60.0

(9/15)

63.41

(52/82)

       

Follicular

6.6

(1/15)

13.41

(11/82)

       

Medullary

20.0

(3/15)

4.87

(4/82)

Chen 2013 [57]

prospective

Taiwan

 

7605

adult

6845:755

 

1.58

0.14

Cipolla 2005 [15]

Retrospective

Italy

Thyroidectomy

178

–

68:21

Papillary

27.6

(13/47)

 

Zhang 2014 [22]

Retrospective

China

Thyroidectomy

8524

43.1

–

Papillary

14.24

(247/839)

70

(592/839)

Graceffa 2019 [28]

Retrospective

Italy

Thyroidectomy

305

50.6

258:47

Papillary

28.83

(47/163)

 
       

Follicular

1.84

(3/163)

 
       

Medullary

0.61

(1/163)

 

Uhliarova 2017 [58]

prospective

Slovakia

Thyroidectomy

2117

11.1 ± 3.7

1738: 379

All cancer types

83.64%)

(266/318)

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