Articles

Personal experiences in ultrasonography and sonoelastography of thyroid gland

Authors: Marek Ruchala, Adam Stangierski and Kosma Woliński

The thyroid gland and the process of aging

Authors: Adam Gesing

Acromegaly and the thyroid gland

Authors: Andrzej Lewiński and Magdalena Marcinkowska

Comparing the effectiveness of stimulation using rhTSH and thyroid hormone withdrawal in the treatment of thyroid cancer

Authors: Aldona Kowalska

Antithyroid drugs

Authors: Helena Jastrzębska

Whether the administration of thyroid hormones may play a role in the treatment of short stature?

Authors: Maciej Hilczer

Are the normal values of thyroid gland in children fulfilling the role attributed to them?

Authors: Arkadiusz Zygmunt

The effect of Selenium on thyroid physiology and pathology

Authors: Elżbieta Skowrońska-Jóźwiak

Ultrasound and cytological diagnostics of thyroid - its proper application in case of coexisting disturbing clinical signs and symptoms, suggestive of active proliferative lesion

Authors: Andrzej Lewiński and Zbigniew Adamczewski

Fetal 2-D ultrasonography in maternal Graves’ disease

Authors: Małgorzata Gietka-Czernel

Reference ranges for TSH and thyroid hormones

Authors: Krzysztof Lewandowski

The syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone – the current state of art

Authors: Anna Cyniak-Magierska

Thyroid nodules in children - rules of management

Authors: Irena Bobeff

The development of guidelines for management of thyroid diseases in pregnancy – current status

Authors: Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk and Malgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma – “a blessing or a curse”

Authors: Zbigniew Adamczewski and Andrzej Lewiński

Etiopathogenesis and diagnostics of autoimmune thyroid diseases

Authors: Anhelli Syrenicz

Pendulum swings from hypo- to hyperthyroidism: thyrotoxicosis after severe hypothyroidism after neck irradiation in a patient with a history of Hodgkin's lymphoma

Authors: Krzysztof Lewandowski, Katarzyna Dabrowska, Jacek Makarewicz and Andrzej Lewinski

Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy and in most countries, incidence rates are increasing. Although differences in population iodine intake are a determinant of benign thyroid disorders...

Authors: Michael B. Zimmermann and Valeria Galetti

Low BMI and low TSH value as risk factors related to lower bone mineral density in postmenospausal women under levothyroxine therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) includes suppression of TSH with levothyroxine therapy, which may negatively influence bone mineral density (BMD), but the effects are controversial. We aime...

Authors: Thaís Gomes de Melo, Lígia Vera Montalli da Assumpção, Allan de Oliveira Santos and Denise Engelbrecht Zantut-Wittmann

Second degree AV block and severely impaired contractility in cardiac myxedema: a case report

The heart is a major target organ for thyroid hormone action. Severe overt hypothyroidism can result in diastolic hypertension, lowered cardiac output, impaired left ventricular contractility and diastolic rel...

Authors: Apostolos Chatzitomaris, Michael Scheeler, Michael Gotzmann, Roland Köditz, Janice Schildroth, Kathy Miriam Knyhala, Volkmar Nicolas, Christoph Heyer, Andreas Mügge, Harald H. Klein and Johannes W. Dietrich

Rare thyroid non-neoplastic diseases

Rare diseases are usually defined as entities affecting less than 1 person per 2,000. About 7,000 different rare entities are distinguished and, among them, rare diseases of the thyroid gland. Although not fre...

Authors: Katarzyna Lacka and Adam Maciejewski

Metastatic carcinoma to the thyroid gland from renal cell carcinoma: role of ultrasonography in preoperative diagnosis

Patients with metastases to the thyroid from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that need surgical management are not many and unfamiliar to clinicians and thyroid endocrinologists. Therefore, little information is av...

Authors: Kaoru Kobayashi, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Tomonori Yabuta, Mitsuhiro Fukushima, Hiroo Masuoka, Takuya Higashiyama, Minoru Kihara, Yasuhiro Ito, Akihiro Miya, Nobuyuki Amino and Akira Miyauchi

Embolic suppurative thyroiditis with concurrent carcinoma in pregnancy: lessons in management through a case report

The thyroid undergoes a variety of physiological changes during pregnancy. The relatively low iodine levels seen in pregnancy have been implicated in thyroid growth during this time. Management of thyroid canc...

Authors: Manish M George, Jay Goswamy and Susannah E Penney

Hypothyroidism and brain developmental players

Most of our knowledge on the mechanisms of thyroid hormone (TH) dependent brain development is based on clinical observations and animal studies of maternal/fetal hypothyroidism. THs play an essential role in ...

Authors: R G Ahmed

Expression of follicle stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR) in thyroid tumours – a marker of malignancy?

In normal conditions FSHR are expressed in granulosa cells of the ovary and Sertoli cells of the testis. They can be expressed also in gonadal tumours. However, recently the expression of FSHR was found in tum...

Authors: Marek Pawlikowski, Julita Fuss-Chmielewska, Maria Jaranowska, Hanna Pisarek, Robert Kubiak and Katarzyna Winczyk

The influence of thyroid dysfunction on bone metabolism

Loss of bone mineral density due to osteoporosis is the main cause of fragility fractures and leads to dropped quality of life and increased mortality. Disturbance of balance between bone formation and bone re...

Authors: Dominika Tuchendler and Marek Bolanowski

Assessment of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 gene expression levels in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, papillary thyroid carcinoma and nontoxic nodular goitre

The cyclooxygenases are a group of enzymes catalyzing the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is a constitutive form, thought to be a “housekeeping gene”, with constant ...

Authors: Kinga Krawczyk-Rusiecka, Katarzyna Wojciechowska-Durczynska, Anna Cyniak-Magierska, Arkadiusz Zygmunt and Andrzej Lewinski

Effect of preoperative vitamin D deficiency on postoperative hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery

Transient post thyroidectomy hypocalcemia occurs in up to 30% of patients. We evaluated the effect of vitamin D deficiency on post thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia.

Authors: Mayank Tripathi, Rajender Kumar Karwasra and Sanjeev Parshad

The use of semi-quantitative ultrasound elastosonography in combination with conventional ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the assessment of malignancy risk of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology

The pre-surgical selection of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology (Thy 3 according to British Thyroid Association) after fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is currently required in order to reduce un...

Authors: Massimo Giusti, Claudia Campomenosi, Stefano Gay, Barbara Massa, Enzo Silvestri, Eleonora Monti and Giovanni Turtulici

Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; a case control study

The cell-mediated immune process by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets of T-cells has a major role in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). However, the exact mechanisms of initiation and progression...

Authors: Teslime Ayaz, Serap Baydur Sahin, Osman Zikrullah Sahin, Medine Cumhur Cure, Fatih Sumer and Kadir Ilkkilic

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with newly evaluated papillary thyroid cancer

This study investigates whether diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for the development of papillary thyroid cancer, using an age-, gender-, and race-matched analysis.

Authors: Yannis M Paulus, Elyn R Riedel, Mona M Sabra, Robert Michael Tuttle and Marcia F Kalin

New insights into the diagnosis of nodular goiter

Preoperative diagnostic investigations of nodular goiter are based on two main examinations: ultrasonography of the thyroid gland and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. So far, FNAB has been the ...

Authors: Anhelli Syrenicz, Monika Koziołek, Andrzej Ciechanowicz, Anna Sieradzka, Agnieszka Bińczak-Kuleta and Miłosz Parczewski

Protective antioxidative effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in the thyroid and the liver are similar to those caused by melatonin

Whereas oxidative reactions occur in all tissues and organs, the thyroid constitutes such an organ, in which oxidative processes are indispensable for physiological functions. In turn, numerous metabolic react...

Authors: Agnieszka Kokoszko-Bilska, Jan Stepniak, Andrzej Lewinski and Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska

Acute TSH stimulation in vivo does not alter serum PCSK9 levels

It is now recognized that TSH can act on targets other than the thyroid, including the liver. Elevated serum TSH levels in euthyroid subjects were recently reported to correlate with high values of serum propr...

Authors: AnneMarie Gagnon, Moeber Mahzari, Heather A Lochnan and Alexander Sorisky

Treatment related morbidity in differentiated thyroid cancer–a survey of clinicians

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has excellent long term survival in most patients. Long-term treatment related morbidity is therefore important, but may not be well characterised. The aim of this study was...

Authors: Ovie Edafe, Jonathan Wadsley, Barney J Harrison and Sabapathy P Balasubramanian

Thyroid disease in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study

Diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases frequently coexist. In order to evaluate how thyroid disorders interfere with glycemic control, we analysed insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with thyroid disease.

Authors: Valerie Witting, Dominik Bergis, Dilek Sadet and Klaus Badenhoop

From the diagnostic investigations of goiter to the diagnosis of lung cancer – case study

Thyroid metastases account for approximately 1.4-3% of all malignancies of the thyroid gland. Thyroid metastases are most common in: clarocellular carcinoma of the kidney, lung cancer, breast cancer, malignant...

Authors: Monika Koziołek, Anna Sieradzka, Lilianna Osowicz-Korolonek, Ewa Wentland-Kotwicka, Katarzyna Karpińska-Kaczmarczyk and Anhelli Syrenicz

Reference interval of thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine in a reference population over 60 years old and in very old subjects (over 80 years): comparison to young subjects

Studies based on laboratory data about thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) reference interval (RI) show conflicting results regarding the importance of using specific values by age group...

Authors: Rosita Fontes, Claudia Regina Coeli, Fernanda Aguiar and Mario Vaisman

Increased soluble IL-2 receptor levels in serum from a patient with painless thyroiditis

Serum concentration of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) has been established as a reliable marker of T-lymphocyte activation. However, there have been no reports describing the relationship between seru...

Authors: Kae Hamamoto, Masaaki Inaba, Shinsuke Yamada, Maki Yoda, Koichiro Yoda, Hitoshi Goto, Masafumi Kurajoh and Hidenori Koyama

Negative correlation between bone mineral density and TSH receptor antibodies in long-term euthyroid postmenopausal women with treated Graves’ disease

Thyrotoxicosis is a cause of secondary osteoporosis. High concentrations of triiodotironine (T3) in Graves’ disease stimulate bone turnover, but it is unclear if euthyroidism will always normalize bone metabol...

Authors: Monica A Ercolano, Monica L Drnovsek, Maria C Silva Croome, Monica Moos, Ana M Fuentes, Fanny Viale, Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen and Alicia T Gauna

Potassium iodide, but not potassium iodate, as a potential protective agent against oxidative damage to membrane lipids in porcine thyroid

Fenton reaction (Fe²⁺+H₂O₂→Fe³⁺+^•OH+OH⁻) is of special significance in the thyroid gland, as both its substrates, i.e. H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺, are required for thyroid hormone synthesis. Also iodine, an essential element ...

Authors: Magdalena Milczarek, Jan Stępniak, Andrzej Lewiński and Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska

Effects of radioiodine administration on serum concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases, adiponectin and thrombospondin-1

In order to assess safety of radioactive iodine administration in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, we measured concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), its main inhibitor – TIMP-2 (tissue inhibito...

Authors: Andrzej Lewinski, Anna Brona, Krzysztof C Lewandowski, Diana Jedrzejuk, Anna Bohdanowicz-Pawlak, Elżbieta Skowronska-Jozwiak, Małgorzata Bienkiewicz and Andrzej Milewicz

TSH receptor antibodies have predictive value for breast cancer – retrospective analysis

Associations between breast cancer and thyroid disorders are reported in numerous studies. Relationships between thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and breast cancer have been ...

Authors: Paweł Szychta, Wojciech Szychta, Adam Gesing, Andrzej Lewiński and Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska

A solitary hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule harboring thyroid carcinoma: review of the literature

Hyperfunctioning nodules of the thyroid are thought to only rarely harbor thyroid cancer, and thus are infrequently biopsied. Here, we present the case of a patient with a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule harbo...

Authors: Sasan Mirfakhraee, Dana Mathews, Lan Peng, Stacey Woodruff and Jeffrey M Zigman

Proposed algorithm for management of patients with thyroid nodules/focal lesions, based on ultrasound (US) and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB); our own experience

The standard management in patients with thyroid nodules is to assess the risk of malignancy, based on cytological examination. On the other hand, there are thyroid patterns of ultrasound (US) image, associate...

Authors: Zbigniew Adamczewski and Andrzej Lewiński

Natural history of subclinical hypothyroidism in children and adolescents

Authors: Ewa Małecka-Tendera

Odd thyroid function tests results: interference versus non-compliance

Authors: Krzysztof C Lewandowski

Interactions of metabolic syndrome and thyroid hormones

Authors: Georg Brabant

Thyroid hormones and male reproductive system

Authors: Krzysztof Kula

MicroRNAs in thyroid function and pathology

Authors: Joanna Bogusławska